Classification of Tool Wear Monitoring Methods

• Direct methods (direct wear measurement using different types of sensors):

• optical sensors

• radioactive sensors

• electrical resistance sensors

• Indirect methods (wear evaluation on the basis of parameters measured during the cutting operation)

• cutting forces

• acoustic emission

• vibrations

• On-line methods (while the cutting process is being performed )

• Off-line methods (interrupting the process to carry out the control either on the machine or away from it)